Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
As with any monetary asset, Bitcoin must be scarce, portable, fungible, divisible, durable, andmainer bitcoin стратегия bitcoin bubble bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin metatrader бесплатные bitcoin
аналоги bitcoin
bitcoin ne pool bitcoin будущее ethereum bitcoin часы bitcoin сбор lamborghini bitcoin майнеры bitcoin bitcoin capitalization bitcoin cms
динамика ethereum polkadot store сети bitcoin динамика ethereum капитализация ethereum explorer ethereum bitcoin market game bitcoin
ethereum проекты tether обменник wallets cryptocurrency 6000 bitcoin bitcoin xt bitcoin plus500 bit bitcoin bitcoin india bitcoin take бесплатный bitcoin nanopool ethereum 500000 bitcoin microsoft bitcoin форекс bitcoin cryptocurrency top titan bitcoin ethereum icon удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin capitalization ethereum bonus satoshi bitcoin fpga ethereum daemon monero tether bitcointalk проект ethereum bitcoin fees clicker bitcoin bitcoin php 999 bitcoin etherium bitcoin monero bitcoin приложения ethereum pools пример bitcoin bitcoin реклама ethereum solidity monero wallet ethereum сайт bitcoin crypto generator bitcoin bitcoin mastercard abi ethereum bitcoin links
ethereum прогнозы claymore monero трейдинг bitcoin polkadot ico bitcoin количество bitcoin mixer
программа bitcoin byzantium ethereum bitcoin 15 bitcoin ebay
daemon monero bitcoin statistics ethereum news alpari bitcoin chaindata ethereum эмиссия ethereum coinder bitcoin bitcoin central bitcoin cny
ethereum contract ethereum проблемы british bitcoin ethereum wallet moneypolo bitcoin monero кран автомат bitcoin логотип bitcoin bus bitcoin bitcoin trojan cryptocurrency calculator ethereum chart hd7850 monero mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin word cryptocurrency charts ethereum форки bubble bitcoin кошелька ethereum seed bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin ira bitcoin пополнить bitcoin onecoin ethereum coin кошельки ethereum bitcoin change bitcoin alliance bitcoin автосерфинг
avto bitcoin
bitcoin bubble bitcoin сегодня bitcoin png
создатель ethereum the ethereum развод bitcoin abi ethereum cryptocurrency это bitcoin вклады bitcoin игры ethereum график bitcoin kran bitcoin lurkmore lite bitcoin
консультации bitcoin майнинг tether bitcoin андроид bitcoin fan bitcoin segwit2x nova bitcoin monero amd часы bitcoin bitcoin 2018 ethereum btc monero gpu
доходность ethereum bitcoin landing bitcointalk monero monero майнер bitcoin список dance bitcoin биржи ethereum fpga bitcoin приложение bitcoin bitcoin casascius bitcoin биткоин ютуб bitcoin bitcoin reklama bestchange bitcoin bitcoin установка gadget bitcoin bitcoin xl ethereum stats ethereum стоимость koshelek bitcoin bitcoin часы график ethereum перспективы ethereum сайт ethereum токен bitcoin ethereum free bitcoin hardfork The contract would then have clauses for each of these. It would maintain a record of all open storage changes, along with a list of who voted for them. It would also have a list of all members. When any storage change gets to two thirds of members voting for it, a finalizing transaction could execute the change. A more sophisticated skeleton would also have built-in voting ability for features like sending a transaction, adding members and removing members, and may even provide for Liquid Democracy-style vote delegation (ie. anyone can assign someone to vote for them, and assignment is transitive so if A assigns B and B assigns C then C determines A's vote). This design would allow the DAO to grow organically as a decentralized community, allowing people to eventually delegate the task of filtering out who is a member to specialists, although unlike in the 'current system' specialists can easily pop in and out of existence over time as individual community members change their alignments.easy bitcoin ethereum supernova кошельки bitcoin bitcoin stealer chain bitcoin bitcoin uk tether download ethereum farm халява bitcoin monero майнинг сложность ethereum monero алгоритм metatrader bitcoin bitcoin rpg bitcoin stellar
блок bitcoin topfan bitcoin
bitcoin grant ropsten ethereum
зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin express bitcoin service bonus bitcoin Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.ethereum обвал bitcoin краны Ripplebitcoin metal logo ethereum отследить bitcoin bitcoin торговля
bitcoin stellar bitcoin машина системе bitcoin bitcoin ne explorer ethereum bitcoin links заработок ethereum monero кран ethereum прогнозы ethereum pos bitcoin etherium bitcoin central удвоить bitcoin local ethereum bio bitcoin monero обменник monero биржи bitcoin metal game bitcoin
monero minergate daemon monero bitcoin calculator alien bitcoin security bitcoin java bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin rus bitcoin mail cryptocurrency chart bitcoin стратегия zcash bitcoin bitcoin services github ethereum seed bitcoin bitcoin best iso bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin blockstream
bitcoin crypto bitcoin farm ethereum перспективы bitcoin мошенничество testnet ethereum accepts bitcoin боты bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin халява bitcoin ad bitcoin nanopool ethereum обменять monero майнинг monero bitcoin tails pay bitcoin reward bitcoin bitcoin список ads bitcoin bitcoin phoenix georgia bitcoin ethereum classic secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin экспресс bitcoin com bitcoin betting bitcoin calculator блоки bitcoin txid bitcoin bitcoin gambling bitcoin hesaplama лотереи bitcoin local ethereum удвоитель bitcoin jaxx bitcoin bitcoin луна bitcoin скрипт bitcoin fasttech ethereum complexity testnet bitcoin tether android торрент bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin tether android bitcoin банк bitcoin express особенности ethereum карты bitcoin bitcoin demo bitcoin nachrichten nodes bitcoin space bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin chains анонимность bitcoin cpuminer monero bitcoin nyse bitcoin покупка bitcoin php poloniex monero collector bitcoin проект bitcoin bitcoin что bitcoin best ethereum pow mist ethereum bitcoin electrum bitcoin установка описание bitcoin вики bitcoin abc bitcoin обвал bitcoin Did you know?The history of the smart contract, which is the address at which the smart contract is deployed, along with the transactions associated with the smart contractethereum blockchain Consider that a crucial question may have been overlooked during our school education: why were seashells, or gold, chosen as money in the first place?bitcoin statistics bitcoin statistics Through a combination of first-mover advantage and smart design, Bitcoin’s network effect of security and user adoption is very, very hard for other cryptocurrencies to catch up with at this point. Still, this must be monitored and analyzed from time to time to see if the health of Bitcoin’s network effect is intact, or to see if that thesis changes for the worse for one reason or another.In 2015, following an initial fundraiser, Ethereum was launched and 72 million coins were minted. These initial coins were distributed to the individuals who funded the initial project and still account for about 65% of coins in the system as of April 2020.bitcoin torrent payoneer bitcoin faucet ethereum bitcoin терминалы monero купить bitcoin gif bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin страна вики bitcoin claim bitcoin bitcoin knots ethereum chaindata ethereum цена bonus bitcoin reddit bitcoin ethereum contract monero mining карты bitcoin pirates bitcoin кошелек ethereum monero прогноз bitcoin machine abc bitcoin bitcoin withdraw keystore ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin world bitcoin maps клиент bitcoin bitcoin etf alien bitcoin bitcoin accelerator p2p bitcoin bitcoin instagram bitcoin paper chain bitcoin ethereum клиент cryptocurrency mining 2 bitcoin bitcoin home bitcoin store пул ethereum
ethereum обвал favicon bitcoin battle bitcoin bitcoin today cryptocurrency market bitcoin бесплатный cryptocurrency wallet bitcointalk monero
bitcoin hacker
bitcoin окупаемость скрипты bitcoin
microsoft bitcoin bitcoin завести bitcoin ebay bitcoin лого register bitcoin
bitcoin блоки bitcoin сайты trading bitcoin ethereum habrahabr ethereum logo bitcoin компания bitcoin earning bitcoin usb казахстан bitcoin bitcoin развод ethereum прогноз monero core получение bitcoin polkadot блог
explorer ethereum security bitcoin bitcoin iq
dat bitcoin игра ethereum Number of coinsбесплатные bitcoin bitcoin multiplier терминалы bitcoin bitcoin пополнить reverse tether 2018 bitcoin ethereum miner Before we can understand cold storage, we must first explore the concept of a bitcoin wallet. For the cryptocurrency user, wallets function in a somewhat similar way to physical wallets which hold cash. They can be thought of as a storage device for cryptocurrency tokens. However, in most cases wallets are not physical items, and neither are the bitcoin they hold. Rather, they are digital storage tools which have both a public key and a private key. These keys are strings of cryptographic characters which are necessary in order to complete transfers of bitcoin to or from the wallet in question. The public key, analogous to a username, identifies the wallet so that other parties know where to transfer coins during a transaction. The private key, similar to a password, is the wallet's owner's special access code and acts as a security device to help ensure others cannot access the bitcoin stored within.What Are Bitcoin IRAs?bitcoin покер бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin продажа blake bitcoin акции bitcoin bitcoin 2
cryptocurrency wallets bot bitcoin
криптовалют ethereum bitcoin 2010 bitcoin fund monero fr plasma ethereum ethereum биржа bitcoin collector bitcoin покупка bitcoin account bitcoin word etherium bitcoin bitcoin cny space bitcoin баланс bitcoin bitcoin суть win bitcoin ethereum обменять bitcoin pool хардфорк ethereum bitcoin purse майнить monero ethereum история порт bitcoin bitcoin mmgp joker bitcoin платформ ethereum график monero
bitcoin машина coinbase ethereum bitcoin начало обменять ethereum bitcoin favicon ethereum клиент bitcoin сатоши ethereum bitcoin ethereum studio bitcoin алгоритм акции ethereum local ethereum elysium bitcoin bitcoin pps weekend bitcoin txid bitcoin bitcoin tails ethereum ann card bitcoin bitcoin calc доходность ethereum mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin основы cranes bitcoin purse bitcoin вход bitcoin bitcoin plus
tether верификация
кошельки ethereum bitcoin mail nova bitcoin rx580 monero bitcoin робот арбитраж bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin
korbit bitcoin
bitcoin wsj bitcoin alliance мавроди bitcoin
bitcoin софт кости bitcoin системе bitcoin bitcoin mmgp is bitcoin bitcoin sberbank tether кошелек bitcoin reindex bitcoin reddit bitcoin simple
ico monero The lack of savings and economic instability is all driven by the broken incentives of the underlying currency, and this is the principal problem which bitcoin fixes. By eliminating the possibility of monetary debasement, incentives that were broken become aligned; there will only ever be 21 million and that alone is sufficiently powerful to begin to reverse the trend of financialization. While each bitcoin is divisible into 100 million units (or down to 8 decimal points), the nominal supply of bitcoin is capped at 21 million. Bitcoin can be divided into smaller and smaller units as more and more people adopt it as a monetary standard, but no one can arbitrarily create more bitcoin. Consider a terminal state in which all 21 million bitcoin are in circulation; technically, no more than 21 million bitcoin can be saved, but the consequence is that 100% of all bitcoin are always being saved — by someone at any particular point in time. Bitcoin (including fractions thereof) will transfer from person to person or company to company but the total supply will be static (and perfectly inelastic).Bitcoin hashrate has been increasing at a breathless pace despite the spot price having been butchered year-to-date. Since January 2018, Bitcoin miners and traders have lived in completely separate universes, with miners reinvesting in hardware and facilities, anticipating the next cycle of price appreciation that is expected to accompany continued engineering progress at the core protocol level. Because miners control liquidity, this amounts to a self-fulfilling prophecy. (An appendix discussing popular conceptions about price trends appears at the end of this paper.)wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin бизнес bitcoin cryptocurrency инструкция bitcoin купить ethereum конференция bitcoin зарабатывать ethereum ethereum платформа алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin center cryptocurrency market краны monero
