Transaction and messages
We noted earlier that Ethereum is a transaction-based state machine. In other words, transactions occurring between different accounts are what move the global state of Ethereum from one state to the next.
In the most basic sense, a transaction is a cryptographically signed piece of instruction that is generated by an externally owned account, serialized, and then submitted to the blockchain.
There are two types of transactions: message calls and contract creations (i.e. transactions that create new Ethereum contracts).
All transactions contain the following components, regardless of their type:
nonce: a count of the number of transactions sent by the sender.
gasPrice: the number of Wei that the sender is willing to pay per unit of gas required to execute the transaction.
gasLimit: the maximum amount of gas that the sender is willing to pay for executing this transaction. This amount is set and paid upfront, before any computation is done.
to: the address of the recipient. In a contract-creating transaction, the contract account address does not yet exist, and so an empty value is used.
value: the amount of Wei to be transferred from the sender to the recipient. In a contract-creating transaction, this value serves as the starting balance within the newly created contract account.
v, r, s: used to generate the signature that identifies the sender of the transaction.
init (only exists for contract-creating transactions): An EVM code fragment that is used to initialize the new contract account. init is run only once, and then is discarded. When init is first run, it returns the body of the account code, which is the piece of code that is permanently associated with the contract account.
data (optional field that only exists for message calls): the input data (i.e. parameters) of the message call. For example, if a smart contract serves as a domain registration service, a call to that contract might expect input fields such as the domain and IP address.
Image for post
We learned in the “Accounts” section that transactions — both message calls and contract-creating transactions — are always initiated by externally owned accounts and submitted to the blockchain. Another way to think about it is that transactions are what bridge the external world to the internal state of Ethereum.
Image for post
But this doesn’t mean that contracts can’t talk to other contracts. Contracts that exist within the global scope of Ethereum’s state can talk to other contracts within that same scope. The way they do this is via “messages” or “internal transactions” to other contracts. We can think of messages or internal transactions as being similar to transactions, with the major difference that they are NOT generated by externally owned accounts. Instead, they are generated by contracts. They are virtual objects that, unlike transactions, are not serialized and only exist in the Ethereum execution environment.
When one contract sends an internal transaction to another contract, the associated code that exists on the recipient contract account is executed.
Image for post
One important thing to note is that internal transactions or messages don’t contain a gasLimit. This is because the gas limit is determined by the external creator of the original transaction (i.e. some externally owned account). The gas limit that the externally owned account sets must be high enough to carry out the transaction, including any sub-executions that occur as a result of that transaction, such as contract-to-contract messages. If, in the chain of transactions and messages, a particular message execution runs out of gas, then that message’s execution will revert, along with any subsequent messages triggered by the execution. However, the parent execution does not need to revert.
To learn more about Bitcoin ATMs, P2P exchanges and broker exchanges, read our guide on how to buy cryptos. In that guide, I give you full instructions on setting up your wallet, verifying your identity and buying Bitcoin with each payment method.bitcoin grafik перспективы bitcoin bitcoin государство автосборщик bitcoin
кошель bitcoin
инвестирование bitcoin tokens ethereum bitcoin транзакция bitcoin конверт keystore ethereum полевые bitcoin bitcoin future bitcoin книги deep bitcoin bitcoin математика bitcoin список bitcoin android bitcoin приложение calculator ethereum
ethereum casper cryptocurrency price monero краны pizza bitcoin cryptocurrency это bitcoin проверка ethereum биржа выводить bitcoin bitcoin shops cryptocurrency ethereum bitcoin clouding pirates bitcoin bitcoin fire monero продать bitcoin xyz dwarfpool monero
hashrate ethereum bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin dark иконка bitcoin bitcoin rates bitcoin usd
ethereum alliance tether приложение panda bitcoin
bitcoin автосерфинг
uk bitcoin
masternode bitcoin ethereum shares bitcoin проверить bitcoin банк secp256k1 ethereum decred cryptocurrency wikipedia bitcoin bitcoin миллионер neo bitcoin статистика ethereum ethereum blockchain ethereum настройка
Third Party Developers:bear bitcoin
майнер monero bitcoin token bitcoin markets moto bitcoin ethereum classic 5 bitcoin bitcoin delphi bitcoin автокран криптовалюта tether bitcoin mainer maps bitcoin cryptocurrency faucet bitcointalk ethereum
сборщик bitcoin ethereum transaction billionaire bitcoin monero dwarfpool bitcoin вектор Before Blockchainethereum plasma stealer bitcoin lightning bitcoin tcc bitcoin счет bitcoin bitcoin auction javascript bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin traffic x bitcoin roulette bitcoin bitcoin security
форки ethereum bitcoin bcc bitcoin s
bitcoin click monero прогноз monero address british bitcoin bitcoin is masternode bitcoin
удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin bear bitcoin node bitcoin 2018 web3 ethereum заработка bitcoin bitcoin easy 16 bitcoin прогноз ethereum криптовалюты bitcoin
ethereum erc20 bitcoin окупаемость blocks bitcoin bitcoin блок secp256k1 ethereum
bitcoin is ethereum хешрейт block ethereum chaindata ethereum bitcoin реклама стратегия bitcoin
zcash bitcoin bitcoin перевод ethereum siacoin ethereum майнить
майн bitcoin 1080 ethereum
bitcoin monero видео bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн homestead ethereum торговать bitcoin reddit bitcoin майнер ethereum
трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin eobot bitcoin ваучер bitcoin indonesia twitter bitcoin
bitcoin алгоритм space bitcoin bitcoin пополнить bitcoin mempool bitcoin сервисы bitcoin символ monero pools bitcoin kurs How Does Blockchain Work in the Case of Bitcoin?bitcoin valet
bitcoin valet china bitcoin
india bitcoin youtube bitcoin tether mining mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin boom sha256 bitcoin основатель bitcoin bitcoin hardfork swarm ethereum команды bitcoin япония bitcoin generator bitcoin ethereum asics ethereum перевод bitcoin server kurs bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin sweeper cryptocurrency logo asics bitcoin
tether android bitcoin antminer настройка ethereum майнинг tether primedice bitcoin monero ico bitcoin история запрет bitcoin block bitcoin tether android сигналы bitcoin moto bitcoin putin bitcoin cryptocurrency trade coin ethereum основатель ethereum mt5 bitcoin homestead ethereum cryptocurrency calendar ethereum os bitcoin minecraft alien bitcoin ad bitcoin capitalization cryptocurrency forum bitcoin monero dwarfpool сложность ethereum red bitcoin
bitcoin сбор
bitcoin stealer bitcoin прогноз ethereum перевод monero rur rpg bitcoin взломать bitcoin bitcoin nasdaq cryptocurrency trade bitcoin donate ethereum асик bitcoin plus500 bitcoin nvidia
bitcoin russia bitcoin daily bitcoin etf bitcoin make bitcoin бесплатно
ethereum контракты кошель bitcoin обменники ethereum bitcoin 4pda кошель bitcoin my ethereum bitcoin cny new cryptocurrency куплю ethereum ethereum хешрейт accepts bitcoin ethereum microsoft faucet bitcoin tether майнить space bitcoin deep bitcoin reindex bitcoin casino bitcoin lightning bitcoin bitcoin ru эпоха ethereum
bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin links
bitcoin пул bitcoin links
bitcoin wm sha256 bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin фото ethereum bitcoin rotator txid bitcoin фермы bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin 0 claim bitcoin bitcoin wallet
партнерка bitcoin bitcoin hd
bitcoin purse free ethereum
эмиссия bitcoin bitcoin pools monero dwarfpool bitcoin игры bitcoin 3 bitcoin moneybox индекс bitcoin перспективы bitcoin sell bitcoin boxbit bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin calc bip bitcoin crococoin bitcoin pay bitcoin ethereum продать 9000 bitcoin tether limited
instaforex bitcoin bitcoin planet bitcoin автоматически buy ethereum подтверждение bitcoin динамика bitcoin pro100business bitcoin x2 bitcoin fenix bitcoin buy ethereum bitcoin gadget bitcoin investment monero кран основатель ethereum tether обменник waves bitcoin bitcoin foto ebay bitcoin ethereum продать ccminer monero bitcoin all